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SECRET EVIDENCE ON THE KENNEDY ASSASSINATION

Document Type:

CREST

Collection:

General CIA Records

Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST):

CIA-RDP75-00001R000100050048-0

Release Decision:

RIPPUB

Original Classification:

Document Page Count:

Document Creation Date:

November 11, 2016

Document Release Date:

October 1, 1998

Sequence Number:

Case Number:

Publication Date:

April 6, 1968

Content Type:

NSPR

File:

Attachment Size

PDF icon CIA-RDP75-00001R000100050048-0.pdf 84.19 KB

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Sanitized - Approved For Release : CIA-RDP7 THE SATURDAY EVENING PO 6 April 1968 0 the unnatural quiet of the security room of he National Archives in Washington, beneath sad row of naked light bulbs, the records of t Warren Commission investigation of the mur- d of President Kennedy rest in a long double line o green metal shelves. It,,is not a pleasant sight. O c asks: Is this the end of Camelot? The thousands of pages of documents amassed b the commission are stored in gray cardboard boxes alongside the physical exhibits, including L e Harvey Oswald's 6.5-mm. Mannlicher-Car- c no rifle. The windowless security area is pro- t ted by a heavy steel door wired to an alarm s stem. The entire room is, in effect, a vault; only tree persons know how to open the black com- b nation lock on the door. Only members of the Archives staff who hav en cleared for security may enter this room. N otographs may be taken inside it. The great bulk of the documents in the room ut 80 percent, were published by the Warre mmission in 1964 or were made public later. Bu th s gregated from these, in one compartment of t curity room, are 25 boxes containing document that no one outside of the Government or e Warren Commission has read. By estimate of the National Archives, 10 feet, or approximately 25,000 pages, of Warren Com- mission files remain closed in these boxes. Many of the closed documents are classified, some bearing the red-ink stamp: TOP SECRET. Here are some sample titles of secret documents: ^ ? A report by CIA director Richard M. Helms on "Soviet Brainwashing Techniques." ^ An FBI report of an interview with Yuri No- senko, a top Soviet KGB agent who defected to the United States 10 weeks after the assassination of President Kennedy. ^ A CIA report on Lee Harvey Oswald's activities in Mexico, dated October 10, 1963, six weeks be- fore the assassination. ^ A memo to FBI director J. Edgar Hoover from Richard Helms, titled, "Lee Harvey Oswald's Access to Classified Information About the U-2." ^ A memo from Helms to J. Lee Rankin, general counsel of the Warren Commission, concerning "Soviet Use of Assassination and Kidnapping." Cott nnedl Sanitized - Approved For Release : CIA-RDP75-00001 R000100050048-0

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MAFIA AND CIA LINKED IN JFK MURDER

Document Type:

CREST

Collection:

General CIA Records

Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST):

CIA-RDP88-01315R000300510116-8

Release Decision:

RIFPUB

Original Classification:

Document Page Count:

Document Creation Date:

December 16, 2016

Document Release Date:

December 20, 2004

Sequence Number:

116

Case Number:

Publication Date:

June 9, 1975

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NSPR

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PDF icon CIA-RDP88-01315R000300510116-8.pdf 103.12 KB

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THE NATIONAL IYAMINER Approved For Release 206/Ar'4 :1W-RDP88-01315R000 MAFIA AND CIA, LINKED IN JFK MURDER C..M-'t-?t /(s Sal$%>N4r Did the Mafia and CIA conspire in the assassination of John F. Kennedy in, 1963? And did the ill-fated president seal his own doom with a decision he had made several months before? New evidence now appears to supiaort the credibility of this astounding theory concerning-JFK's murder in Dallas. .Members of America's top-secret spy organization and known trig- germen for the Mafia were reportedly observed on the scene when the fatal shooting took place. Several CIA agents and at least one member of the Mafia were al- legedly taken Into custody shortly after the shooting ceased, but were quickly released by Dallas police. particular spot when JFK was brutally cut down. - Few experts believe that Lee Harvey Oswald could have fired all the shots which poured Into the president's open convertible. . Many are now convinced that he was simply a patsy who was set up to take- the blame for a carefully planned execution. They believe he was telling the truth .when he Insisted that he was not involved with the assassination. . . It has never been ascertained just why they happened to be at that The 'popular theory now is that Oswald himself was elimi- irlated to keep his lips seated. His killer, nightclub operator Jack Ruby, was known to have close associates among under- world figures. Witnesses claim photographs prove that former CIA agents E. Howard Hunt, convicted Watergater, and Frank Sturgis were present when JFK was slain. Also identified in a photo of those nearby the presidential motorcade was a parolee with a criminal record as long as your arm. ..4 Approved Eugene Hale Brading, with a record dating back to 1934, was allegedly an associate of James (The Weasel) Frattiano, a well- known Mafia figure linked of gangland killings, who was then of the "Smaldones Family" of Denver. In 1963, Brading was living in Los Angeles - on parole at the time. He claimed to be an oil prospector and obtained per- mission from his parole officer to visit Dalls on a business trip. He was scheduled to be in Dallas only for the day of Nov. 21, according to records.' He was supposed to be in Houston on Nov. 22, the day JFK was shot. Why did he stay on in Dallas? It is known he did visit the of- fices of a huge- oil company on Nov. 21. It was later admitted by Jack Ruby that he visited those offices on the same day. Did they know each other, and did they meet by a pre- arranged plan? And did they speak of the assassination which was to take place the fol- lowing day? Ruby told the Warren Com- mission that he visited the Hunt Oil Company offices on Nov. 21 to get a job for an attractive co- ed named Connie Trammel. The Commission did not connect Ruby's visit with Brad- For ReleaseiapQ5fQ1*1t1ghCIAeRER t3I had given a phony name and story when questioned by the FBI just after the shooting. This coincidence did not come to light until years later through the efforts of con- cerned private citizens, headed by Dallas pharmaceutical salesman Al Chapman. It is now learned that JFK' may have incurred the wrath of the CIA and underworld figures, because of the touchy Cuban situation at the time. The young president, al- legedly, discussed the possible assassination of Cuban Premier: Fidel Castro with a close friend, Sen. George A. Smathers of; Florida in 1961 and 1962. He ab- solutely refused to consider the suggestion, although it has'now; been learned that the CIA had ' been linked with assassination: attempts throughout the Carib- bean for years. The converstaions betweeni JFK and Smathers are allegedly contained in the oral history archives of the Kennedy library. "As I recollect," Smathers began, "he (Kennedyl was throwing out a great barrage of questions - he was certain that. it could be accomplished... "The question was whether of not it would accomplish that' which he wanted it to do whether or not the reaction throughout South America would be good or bad... And 5R0N801frl5t1O1b1$ $ican people' react, would the people be gratified?

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https://www.nsa.gov/portals/75/documents/news-features/declassified-documents/jfk/jfk00020.pdf

SERIAL=

UNCU=.SS!FIED

r.r.r BEGIN MESSAGE

UDN=W00(9347)

CLASS=UNCLASS!FIED

LEY04~

REULB

R A

BC-USA-ASSASSINATION 11-19 0618

BC-USA-ASSASS!NAT!O~

20 "'""'

EX-CIA AGENT CLAIMS HE BOUGHT RIFLES FOR KENNEDY KILLING

By DAN cc1:

NEW YORK, NOV 19, REUTER - A KAN CLhIKING T~ HAVE BEEN

LINKED TO TEE U.S. CENTRAL !NTELL!GENCE AGENCY SAYS IN A NEW

SOOK TEAT EE 20UG2T AND CUSTOKISED FOUR RIFLES HE SAYS WERE USED

:SY THE CIA AND THE }'.AFIA TO KILL ?RES!DEKT JOHN F. I:ENHEDY.

?!~ST EhND KNO~~EDGE: HOW I PbR~IC!PATED IN THE

C!A-MAFIA KURDER OF PRESIDENT KENNED!,:: ROBERT MORROW C~~!MS

THAT UNDER ORDERS, WHILE ON CONTRACT TO TnE CIA, HE BOUG~T FOUR

7.35 KM MANNLICHER RIFLES AND SUPPLIED SEVERAL CIA HIT MEN W!TE

"SOPHISTICATED ELECTRONIC EQUI?MENT TO HELP KILL THE PRESIDENT.

IN A LECTURE AT NEW YORK UNIVERSITY ON THURSDAY, MO~ROW SAID

HE WAS NOT AWARE AT THE TIME THAT THE EQUIPMENT HE SUPPLIED WbS

'!' 0 BE l! SE D TC KI LL I: EN NED Y .

I THOUGHT THEY WERE TO BE USED AGAINST A HEAD OF STATE IK

CENTRAL A~ER!CA,:: HE ShID.

ALTHOUGH ~WO WEEKS BEFORE THE NOVEMBER 22, 1963 SHOOTING EE

HEARD A RUMOrR THAT A KENNEDY ASSASSINATION WAS IN THE WORKS AT

THE CIA, HE SAID HE DISREGARDED IT UNT!L HE SAW ONE OF THE

RIFLES HE HAD 3CUGHT SHOWN O~ TELEVISION THE NIGHT OF THE

SHOOTING.

I DIDN:T PAY ANY ATTENT!ON UNTIL THE RIFLE WAS SHOWN ON

TEE AIR THAT NIGHT,:: HE SAIC, REFERRING TO BROADCASTS OF LOCAL

DALLAS POLICE HOLDING UP A R~FLE REPORTEDLY SEIZED ?ROY. LEE

HARVEY OSWALD.

THEN ! WENT INTO A STATE OF ?ANIC, I WENT TO MY

(CIA) ChSE OF?ICER AN;J HE SAID :SHUT UP.:::

MORRO~:S CLAIMS ARE ?ART OF A LONG LINE OF CONSPIRACY

THEORIES ABOUT KENNEDY:S ASSASSINATION AND THE EARL WARREN

COMMISSION TEAT INVESTIGATED IT, THESE THEORIES CLAIM KENNEDY

WAS KILLED BY SEVERAL ASSASSINS, SOME CONNECTED TO THE CIA,

SUCH THEORIES WERE THE SUBJECT OF OLIVER STONE:S FILM

JFK,:: WEICH FOCUSED ON ATTE~PTS BY THE LATE NE~ ORLEANS

DISTRICT ATTORNEY, JIM GARRISON, TO CONVICT A NEW ORLEANS

BUSINESSMAN AS A CONSPIRATOR !N KEHNEDY:S DEATH,

A CIA SPOKESMAN CONTACTED ON THURSDA! SAID:

THERE IS NO

RECORD THAT ROBERT D. MORROW WAS EVER A CONTRACT AGENT OF THE

CENTRAL INTELLIGENCE AGENCY.::

BUT MORROW CLAIMED THE AGENCY WAS USING A LINGUISTIC TRICK

TO AVOID NAMING HIM.

I WAS A CONTRACT EMPLOYEE, NOT AN AGENT,

AND I WAS PAID BY THE U.S. ARMY,:: HE SAID.

MORROW REFERRED TO OSWALD, LONG THOUGHT TO BE KENNEDY:S

UNCLASSIFIED

ASSASSIN,

A PATSY:: IN THE WHOLE PROCESS, WHICH HE CLAIMS

LED TO THEN VICE PRESIDENT LYNDON JOHNSON AND FEDERAL BUREAU OF

INVESTIGATION DIRECTOR J. EDGAR HOOVER.

HE SAID EE HAD HEARD OSWALD:S NAME MENTIONED BEFORE ~EE

SHOOTING AS A

LOW-LEVEL CIA OPERAT!VE WHO HAD BEEN SENT TO

RUSSIA.~:

MORROW CLAIMS IN HIS BOOK THAT HE CUSTOMISED THE RIFLES SO

THAT THEY COULD BE DISMANTLED, HIDDEN AND REASSEMBLED QUICKLY.

EE ALSO CLAIMS THAT HE SUPPLIED CIA OPERATIVE DAVID FERRIE WITH

Foua RADIO TR~NSCEIVERS THAT WERE NOT DETECTABLE E! AN!

COMMUNICATIONS EQUI?~ENT THEN AVAILABLE ON TEE MARKET.

KORROW SAID HIS CIA CASE OFFICER ASSURED HIM AFTERWARDS TEAT

HE WOULD EE

CLEAN AS A wEISTLE:: AND COULD NOT BE IM?LICATED

IN THE ASSASSINATION ATTEMPT.

HE SAID HE DID NOT COME FORWARD WITH ANY OF THE INFORMATION

BECAUSE BARNES TOLD HIM HE WOULD BE SENT TO PRISON FOR VIOLATING

TEE OAT?. OF SECRECY THAT ALL CIA AGENTS TAKE.

MORROW, ES, SAID TEERE EAVE ALREADY BEEN TWO ATTEMPTS ON HIS

LIFE SINCE T2E KENNEDY ASSASSINAT!ON ..

BUT EE SAYS HE WAS DETERMINED TO WRITE TEE BOOK IN LIGHT OF

THE FACT THAT THE DANGER TO HIMSELF AND HIS FAKILY HAS ASATED

WITH THE EXPECTED RELEASE OF CONGRESSIONAL FILES ON THE

ASSASSINATION.

MORROW ALS~ CLAIMS THAT U.S. PRESIDENT GEORGE BUSH HAD FULL

KNOWLEDGE OF THE ASSASSINATION CONSPIRACY, THOUGH nE D!D NOT

S?ECIFY WHEN 3USH, DIRECTOR OF THE CIA FROM 1976 TO 1977, MIGET

HAVE BECOME AWARE. OF IT.

GEORGE BUSH KNEW EVERYTHING,:: SAID MORROW.

REUTER DC ADS JE

REUT22:51 11-19

NNNN

UNCLASSIFIED

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CIA OFFICER OUSTED OVER JFK FILES

Document Type:

CREST

Collection:

General CIA Records

Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST):

CIA-RDP91-00587R000100160006-0

Release Decision:

RIPPUB

Original Classification:

Document Page Count:

Document Creation Date:

December 22, 2016

Document Release Date:

February 23, 2011

Sequence Number:

Case Number:

Publication Date:

June 22, 1979

Content Type:

OPEN SOURCE

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PDF icon CIA-RDP91-00587R000100160006-0.pdf 56.2 KB

Body:

STAT Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/02/23: CIA-RDP91-00587R000100160006-0 Copyright o 1979 Facts on File, Inc.; Facts on File World News Digest June 22, 1979 SECTION: U.S. AFFAIRS; Other U.S. News PAGE: Pg. 466 A3 LENGTH: 289 words HEADLINE: CIA Officer Ousted Over JFK Files BODY: A Central Intelligence Agency officer who was assisting the House Assassinations Committee investigation into the 196.3 murder of President John F. Kennedy was dismissed after his fingerprints were found on sensitive material kept in a committee safe, the CIA acknowledged June 17. [See p. 166C1] CIA spokesman Herbert Hetu said the officer, Regis T. Blahut, was dismissed in the summer of 1978 after the rifled files were discovered by committee members. Hetu said the agency was satisfied that the incident was simply "a matter of curiosity" on Blahut's part. The Washington Post reported June 18 that "informed sources" said there had been an unauthorized entry into the locked safe, where the committee kept physical evidence of the assassination, including autopsy photos, X-rays, and the so-called "magic bullet" that wounded both President Kennedy and then-Texas Gov. John B. Connally. The Post article said that sources said nothing had been taken from the files. The newspaper quoted Blahut as saying there was an innocent explanation for his action. Blahut refused to give it, saying he had signed an oath of secrecy with the CIA. Sources close to the House committee's chief counsel, G. Robert Blakey, were quoted by the Post as saying that Blahut had failed three polygraph examinations. The Post quoted one source as claiming: "He (Blahut) denied he did it., and he flunked that. They also asked him whether anyone ordered him to do it. He said no one and he flunked that." Blahut insisted in his interview with the Post that he had come through the tests with his credibility unblemished. Blahut had been detailed to assist the committee with the CIA records it needed for its investigation. LEXIS? NEXIS LEXIS? NEXIS? Sanitized Copy Approved for Release 2011/02/23: CIA-RDP91-00587R000100160006-0

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G ee I Won Dk eArrow y he was ass ass I GN 8 Ed win k

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PROJECT MK-ULTRA

Document Type:

FOIA

Collection:

FOIA Collection

Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST):

06760269

Release Decision:

RIPPUB

Original Classification:

Document Page Count:

Document Creation Date:

December 28, 2022

Document Release Date:

December 14, 2018

Sequence Number:

Case Number:

F-2018-01345

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April 3, 2018

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Project MK-ULTRA - Intellipedia Doc ID: 6613524 Approved for Release: 2018/12/12 006760269 W (U) Project MK-ULTRA From Intellipedia (b) (3) - P.L. 86-36 (U) This page has not been edited since October 02, 2011. Please help with completing or updating the page if it has intelligence value (U) See inteilipedia:Abandoned pages for more information about pages with this banner. (U) See the discussion Page for more information about the status of this page. 9 Oa Project MK-ULTRA, MK-ULTRA, or MKULTRA, was the code name for a covert CIA mind-control and chemical interrogation research program, run by the Office of Scientific Intelligence. This official U.S. government program began in the . early 1950s, continuing at least through the late 1960s, and it supposedly used United States citizens as unwitting test subjects.E11[21[311'he published evidence indicates that Project MK-ULTRA involved the surreptitious use of many types of drugs, as well as other methods, to manipulate individual mental states and to alter brain function. � Project MK-ULTRA was first brought to wide public attention in 1975 by the U.S. Congress, through investigations by the Church Committee, and by a presidential commission known as the Rockefeller Commission. Investigative efforts were hampered by the fact that CIA Director Richard Helms�ordered all MK-ULTRA files destroyed in 1973; the Church Committee and Rockefeller Commission investigations relied on the sworn testimony of direct participants and on the relatively small number of documents that survived Helms' destruction order.1-41 Although the CIA insists that MK-ULTRA-type experiments have been abandoned, 14-year CIA veteran Victor Marchetti has stated in various interviews that the CIA routinely conducts disinformation campaigns and that CIA mind control research continued. In a 1977 interview, Marchetti specifically called the CIA claim that MK-ULTRA was abandoned a "cover story.451161 � On the Senate floor in 1977, Senator Ted Kennedy said: The Deputy Director of the CIA revealed that over thirty universities and institutions were involved in an "extensive testing and experimentation" program which included covert drug tests on unwitting citizens "at all social levels, high and low, native Americans and foreign." Several of these tests involved the administration of LSD to "unwitting subjects in social situations." At least one death, that of Dr. Frank Olson, resulted from these activities. The Agency itself acknowledged that these tests made little scientific sense. The agents doing the monitoring were not qualified scientific observers:171 Sec the Wikipcdia article Project MICULTRA a � smsear...- es� mu � �,�� %VW. ...�� Cover sheet for MKULTRA proposal � "lb this day most specific information regarding Project MKULTRA remains highly classified.E81 Contents � 1 Title and origins � 2 Goals � 3 Budget � 4 Experiments n 4.1 LSD � � 4.2 Other drugs � 4.3 Hypnosis and Magic � 4.4 Canadian experiments sr 5 Revelation � 6 U.S. General Accounting �trite Report ri 7 Legal issues involving informed consent � 8 Extent of participation � 9 Notable subjects � 10 Incidents � 10.1 Dr:Frank Olson Commits Suicide � 11 Sec also � 12 Web links � 13 References Title and origins The project's intentionally oblique CIA myPtonym is made tip of the digraph MK. Meaning that the project was sponsored by the agency's Technical Services' I of 8 Approved for Release: 2018/12/12 006760269 4/3/2018 8:13 AM Project MK-ULTRA - Intellipedia Approved for Release: 2018/12/12 006760269 I I upsittruclicpcula.inteimx.ic.goviwnnacx.phpllitle=Project_MK-ULT... 2 Of 8 � � vi v peva.. g rr, " g a.4 Dr. Sidney Gottlieb approved of an MKULTRA subproject on LSD in this lone 9.1953 letter. Division, followed by the word ULTRA (which had previously been used to designate the most secret classification of World War II intelligence). Other related cryptonyrns include MK-NAOMI and MK-DELTA. A precursor of the MK-ULTRA program began in 1945 when the Joint Intelligence Objectives Agency was established and given direct responsibility for Operation Paperclip. Operation Paperclip was a program to recruit former Nazi scientists. Some of these scientists studied torture and brainwashing, and several had just been identified and prosecuted as war criminals during the Nuremberg Trials.191"1 Several secret U.S. government projects grew out of Operation Paperclip. These projects included Project CIIATTER (established 1947), and Project BLUEBIRD (established 1950), which was later renamed to Project ARTICHOKE in 1951. Their purpose was to study mind-control, interrogation, behavior modification and related topics. Headed by Dr. Sidney Gottlieb, the MK-ULTRA project was started on the order of CIA director Allen Dulles on April 13, 1953,011 largely in response to Soviet, Chinese, and North Korean use of mind-control techniques on U.S. prisoners of war in Korea.1121 The CIA wanted to usc similar methods on their own captives. The CIA was also interested in being able to manipulate foreign leaders with such techniques,1131 and would later invent several schemes to drug Fidel Castro. Experiments were often conducted without the subjects' knowledge or consent") In some cases, academic researchers being funded through grants from CIA front organizations were unaware that their work was being used for these purposes.115) In 1964, the project was renamed MK-SEARCII. The project attempted to produce a perfect truth drug for use in interrogating suspected Soviet spies during the Cold War, and generally to explore any other possibilities of mind control. Sidney Gottlieb Another MK-ULTRA effort, Subproject 54, was the Navy's top secret "Perfect Concussion" program, which used sub-aural frequency blasts to erase mcmory.1161 Because most MK-ULTRA records were deliberately destroyed in 1973 by order of then CIA Director Richard Helms, it has been difficult, if not impossible, for investigators to gain a complete understanding of the more than 150 individually funded research sub-projects sponsored by MK-ULTRA and related CIA 171 programs.[ Goals The Agency poured millions of dollars into studies probing dozens of methods of influencing and controlling the mind. One 1955 MK-ULTRA document gives an indication of the size and range of the effort; this document refers to the study of an assortment of mind-altering substances described as follows:" I. Substances which will promote illogical thinking and impulsiveness to the point where the recipient would be discredited in public. 2. Substances which increase the efficiency of mcntation and perception. 3. Materials which will prevent or counteract the intoxicating effect of alcohol. 4. Materials which will promote the intoxicating effect of alcohol. 5. Materials which will produce the signs and symptoms of recognized diseases inn reversible way so that they may be used for malingering, etc. 6. Materials which will render the induction of hypnosis easier or otherwise enhance its usefulness. 7. Substances which will enhance the ability of individuals to withstand privation, torture and coercion during interrogation and so-called "brain-washing". 8. Materials and physical methods which will produce amnesia for events preceding and during their use. 9. Physical methods of producing shock and confusion over extended periods of time and capable of surreptitious use. IS. Substances which produce physical disablement such as paralysis of the legs, acute anemia, etc. II. Substances which will produce "pure" euphoria with no subsequent let-down. 12. Substances which alter personality structure in such a way that the tendency of the recipient to become dependent upon another person is enhanced. 13. A material which will cause mental confusion of such a type that the individual under its influence will find it difficult to maintain a fabrication under questioning. 14. Substances which will lower the ambition and general working efficiency of men when administered in undetectable amounts. IS. Substances which promote weakness or distortion of the eyesight or hearing faculties, preferably without permanent effects. 16. A knockout pill which can surreptitiously be administered in drinks, food, cigarettes, as an aerosol. etc., which will be safe louse, provide a maximum of amnesia, and be suitable for use by agent types on an ad hoc basis. 17. A material which can be surreptitiously administered by the above routes and which in very small amounts will make it impossible for a man to perform any physical activity whatsoever. Historians have asserted that creating a "Manchurian Candidate" subject through "mind control" techniques was a goal of MK-ULTRA and related CIA projects."' 4/3/2018 8:13 AM Approved for Release: 2018/12/12 006760269 Project MK-ULTRA - Intellipedia Budget Approved for Release: 2018/12/12006760269 A secretive amangement granted the MK-ULTRA progratn a percentage of the CIA budget. The MK-ULTRA director was granted six percent of the CIA 'operating budget in 1953, without oversight or accounting.101An estimated USSIOm or more was spent.I'll Experiments CIA documents suggest that "chemical, biological and radiological" means were investigated for the purpose of mind control as part of MK-ULTRAP21 LSD Early efforts focused on LSD, which later came to dominate many of MK -ULTRA's programs. Experiments included administering LSD to CIA employees, military personnel, doctors, other government agents, prostitutes, mentally ill patients, and members of the general public in order to study their reactions. LSD and other drugs were usually administered without the subject's knowledge or informed consent, a violation of the Nuremberg Code that the U.S. agreed to follow after World War II. � Efforts to "recruit" subjects were often illegal, even discounting the fact that drugs were being administered (though actual use of LSD, for example, was legal in the United States until October 6, 1966). In Operation Midnight Climax, the CIA set up several brothels to obtain a selection of men who would be too embarrassed to talk about the events. The men were dosed with LSD, the brothels were equipped with one-way mirrors, and the sessions were filmed for later viewing and study.123I � Some subjects' participation was consensual, and in many of these cases, the subjects appeared to be singled out for even more extreme experiments. Inane case, volunteers were given LSD for 77 consecutive days.1241 LSD was eventually dismissed by MK-ULTRA's researchers as too unpredictable in its resultsP1 Although useful information was sometimes obtained through questioning subjects on LSD, not =commonly the most marked effect would be the subject's absolute and utter certainty that they were able to withstand any forte of interrogation attempt, even physical torture. Other drugs Another technique investigated was connecting a barbiturate IV into one arm and an amphetamine IV into the other.1261The barbiturates were released into the subject first, and as soon as the subject began to fall asleep, the amphetamines were released. The subject would begin babbling incoherently at this point, and it was sometimes possible to ask questions and get useful answers. Other experiments involved heroin, morphine, temazepam (used under code name MK-SEARCH), mescaline, psilocybin, scopolamine, marijuana, alcohol, sodium pentothal.1271 and ergine (in Subproject 22). Hypnosis and Magic Declassified MK-ULTRA documents indicate hypnosis was studied in the early 1950s. Experimental goals included: the creation of "hypnotically induced anxieties," "hypnotically increasing ability to learn and recall complex written matter." studying hypnosis and polygraph extuninations. "hypnotically increasing ability to observe and recall complex arrangements of physical objects." and studying "relationship of personality to susceptibility to hypnosis."Eni In addition, the CIA used the services of American magician John Mulholland to write two manuals on sleight of hand and undercover communication techniques. hi 1973, virtually all documents related to MKULTRA were destroyed. Mulholland's manuals were thought to be among them until a single surviving copy of each was discovered in the agency's archives around 2008-2009. Bob Wallace and H. Keith Melton published "The Official CIA Manual qf Thicket:I, and Deceplion" to chronicle this research into the use of illusion for the agency's field agents.1291 Canadian experiments The experiments were exported to Canada when the CIA recruited Scottish psychiatrist Donald Owen Cameron, creator of the "psychic driving" concept, which the CIA found particularly interesting. Cameron had been hoping to correct schizophrenia by erasing existing memories and reprogramming the psyche. He commuted from Albany, New York to Montreal every week to work at the Allan Memorial Institute of McGill University and was paid $69,000 from 1957 to 1964 to carry out MKULTRA experiments there. In addition to LSD. Cameron also experimented with various paralytic chugs as well as electroconvulsive therapy at thirty to forty times the normal power. His "driving" experiments consisted of putting subjects into drug-induced coma for weeks at a time (up to three months in one case) while playing tape loops of noise or simple repetitive statements. His experiments were typically carried out on patients who had entered the institute for minor problems such as anxiety disorders and postpartum depression, many of whom suffered pernmnently from his actions.130/ His treatments resulted in victims' incontinence, artmesia, forgetting how to talk, forgetting their parents, and thinking their interrogators were their parents.Pli His work was inspired and paralleled by the British psychiatrist Dr. William Sargant at St. Thomas' Hospital, London, and Belmont Hospital, Surrey. who was also involved in the Intelligence Services and who experimented extensively on his patients without their consent, causing similar long-term damage.1321 Dr. Cameron and Dr. Sargant are the only two identified Canadian experimenters, but the MKULTRA file makes reference to many other unnamed physicians who were recruited by the CIA.16"u"!""dedi It was dining this era that Cameron became known worldwide as the first chairman of the World Psychiatric Association as well as president of the American and Canadian psychiatric associations. Cameron had also been a member of the Nuremberg medical tribunal in 1946-1947.1331 Revelation 3 of 8 4/3/2018 8:13 AM Approved for Release: 2018/12/12 006760269 Project MK-ULTRA - Intellipedia Approved for Release: 2018/12/12006760269 In 1973. CIA Director Richard Helms ordered all MK-ULTRA files destroyed. Pursuant to this order, most CIA documents regarding the project were destroyed, making a full investigation of MK-ULTRA impossible. In December 1974, The A'ew Mt* 7711ICA reported that the CIA had conducted illegal domestic activities, including experiments on U.S. citizens, during the 1960s. That report prompted investigations by the U.S. Congress, in the form of the Church Conunittee, and by a presidential commission known as the Rockefeller Commission that looked into domestic activities of the CIA, the FBI. and intelligence-related agencies of the military. In the summer of 1975, congressional Church Committee reports and the presidential Rockefeller Commission report revealed to the public for the first time that the CIA and the Department of Defense had conducted experiments on both unwitting and cognizant human subjects as pan of an extensive program to influence and control human behavior through the use of psychoactive drugs such as LSD and mescaline and other chemical, biological, and psychological means. They also revealed that at least one subject had died after administration of LSD. Much of what the Church Committee and the Rockefeller Commission learned about MKULTRA was contained in a report, prepared by the Inspector General's office in 1963, that had survived the destruction of records ordered in 1973.1341 However, it contained little detail. The congressional committee investigating the CIA research, chaired by Senator Frank Church. concluded that "Iplrior consent was obviously not obtained from any of the subjects". The committee noted that the "experiments sponsored by these researchers ... call into question the decision by the agencies not to fix guidelines for experiments." Following the recommendations of the Church Committee, President Gerald Ford in 1976 issued the first Executive Order on Intelligence Activities which, among other things, prohibited "experimentation with drugs on human subjects, except with the informed consent, in writing and witnessed by a disinterested party, of each such human subject" and in accordance with the guidelines issued by the National Commission. Subsequent orders by Presidents Carter and Reagan expanded the directive to apply to any human experimentation. On the heels of the revelations about CIA experiments, similar stories surfaced regarding U.S. Army experiments. In 1975 the Secretary of the Army instructed the Army Inspector General to conduct an investigation. Among the findings of the Inspector General was the existence of a 1953 memorandum penned by then Secretary of Defense Charles Erwin Wilson. Documents show that the CIA participated in at least two of Department of Defense committees during 1952. These committee findings led to the issuance of the "Wilson Memo," which mandated�in accord with Nuremberg Code protocols�that only volunteers be used for experimental operations conducted in the U.S. armed forces. In response to the Inspector General's investigation, the Wilson Memo was declassified in August 1975. With regard to drug testing within the Army, the Inspector General found that "the evidence clearly reflected that every possible medical consideration was observed by the professional investigators at the Medical Research Laboratories." However the Inspector General also found that the mandated requirements of Wilson's 1953 memorandum had been only partially adhered to: he concluded that the "volunteers were not fully informed, as required, prior to their participation; and the methods of procuring their services. in many cases, appeared not to have been in accord with the intent of Department of the Army policies goveming use of volunteers in research." Other branches of the U.S. armed forces, the Air Force for example, were found not to have adhered to Wilson Memo stipulations regarding voluntary drug testing. In 1977, during a hearing held by the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, to look further into MKULTRA, Admiral Stansfield Turner, then Director of Central Intelligence, revealed that the CIA had found a set of records. consisting of about 20,000 pages,1351 that had survived the 1973 destruction orders, due to having been stored at a records center not usually used for such documents.1341 These files dealt with the financing of MKULTRA projects, and as such contained few details of those projects, but much more was learned from them than from the Inspector General's 1963 report. In Canada, the issue took much longer to surface, becoming widely known in 1984 on a Canadian Broadcasting Corporation news show, The Fift

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PROJECT MK-ULTRA

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Chapter 1 - let's dive in! jfk ?