Explain Responsive Web Design (5 Marks)
Responsive Web Design (RWD) is an approach that ensures web pages render optimally on a wide range of devices and screen sizes by adapting layout and content fluidly Wikipedia.
Fluid Grids: Uses relative units (%, em) instead of fixed pixels so layout scales proportionally Wikipedia.
Flexible Images/Media: Images resize within their containers (e.g. max-width: 100%) to prevent overflow Wikipedia.
CSS3 Media Queries: Applies different style rules based on viewport characteristics (e.g. @media (max-width: 768px) { … }) Wikipedia.
These techniques together allow a single codebase to adapt seamlessly from desktops to tablets to smartphones, enhancing usability and maintenance.
2. Advantages of Using Bootstrap for Responsive Web Design (5 Marks)
Mobile‑First Grid System
Bootstrap's 12‑column, mobile‑first grid uses breakpoints at common device widths, making it effortless to build layouts that shift responsively cusg.com.
Prebuilt, Responsive Components
Ready‑to‑use navbars, cards, modals, and forms that automatically adjust for different screen sizes save development time and ensure consistency owdt.com.
Utility Classes
A rich set of utility classes (e.g. .d-flex, .justify-content-center, .m-4) lets developers tweak spacing, alignment, and visibility directly in markup without custom CSS clarity-ventures.com.
Cross‑Browser Consistency
Components and CSS resets are tested across major browsers (Chrome, Firefox, Safari, Edge), reducing browser‑specific bugs owdt.com.
Extensive Community & Ecosystem
Large community support, themes, and third‑party plugins accelerate feature integration and troubleshooting cusg.com.
3. Simple AngularJS Temperature Converter (5 Marks)
Compute Fahrenheit from Celsius dynamically in AngularJS:
htmlCopy code
Fahrenheit: {{ (vm.celsius * 9/5) + 32 | number:1 }}°F
ng‑model="vm.celsius" binds the input to vm.celsius docs.angularjs.org.
Expression {{ (vm.celsius * 9/5) + 32 }} recalculates Fahrenheit on each keystroke docs.angularjs.org.
4. Types of AngularJS Directives & Example (5 Marks)
AngularJS directives fall into four categories:
Element directives (e.g.
Attribute directives (e.g.
Class directives (e.g.
Comment directives (e.g. ) docs.angularjs.orgGeeksforGeeks.
Example: ng‑repeat
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- {{ item }}
Repeats the
5. Scrum Artifacts (5 Marks)
Scrum artifacts capture work details and progress:
Product Backlog
An ordered list of all desired product features, enhancements, and fixes, managed by the Product Owner Atlassian.
Sprint Backlog
A subset of Product Backlog items selected for the current Sprint, plus a plan for delivering them, maintained by the Scrum Team Wrike.
Increment (Product Increment)
The sum of all completed Product Backlog items at the end of a Sprint; must be in a usable, potentially shippable state AtlassianTeamhood.
These artifacts provide transparency and focus around scope, progress, and deliverables.
6. DevOps Workflow & Tool (5 Marks)
DevOps Workflow
The DevOps lifecycle integrates and automates stages from development to operations to accelerate delivery and reliability DevOps School:
Plan → 2. Code → 3. Build → 4. Test → 5. Release →
Deploy → 7. Operate → 8. Monitor
Collaboration and automation (CI/CD) underpin each phase blameless.comCortex.
Example Tool: Jenkins
Jenkins is an open‑source automation server widely used for continuous integration and delivery. It orchestrates builds, tests, and deployments via pipelines and over 1,800 plugins JenkinsCodefresh:
Build Triggers: Poll SCM or respond to webhooks
Pipeline as Code: Jenkinsfile defines stages in Groovy
Extensible Plugins: Integrations for Docker, Kubernetes, Slack, Selenium, etc.
Distributed Builds: Master-agent architecture for scaling
By automating repetitive tasks, Jenkins reduces manual errors and feedback loops, fostering rapid, reliable software delivery.